| Case | Gender | Age | Injury time | Location | Deformity | Corrective method |
| 3 | Male | 36 | 7 months | Distal radius | Dorsal tilt | Open wedge osteotomy |
| Pre-op | Post-op | Contralateral | Normal ranges | |
| Volar tilt (o) | -32.8 | 15.2 | 13 | 0 – 20 |
| Radial inclination (o) | -5 | 23 | 22.6 | 15 – 35 |
| Radial height (mm) | 6.2 | 13 | 11 | 8 – 14 |
Case 3 describes a male patient who presented with a malunion of the distal radius, which had persisted for 7 months and was associated with a dorsal tilt deformity. The patient underwent corrective treatment via open wedge osteotomy. Postoperative assessments demonstrated successful restoration of the radial inclination, improving from -5 degrees preoperatively to 23 degrees postoperatively. The volar tilt was corrected from -32.8 degrees to 15.2 degrees, and radial height was increased from 6.2 mm to 13 mm, aligning these parameters within normal anatomical ranges. The angular deviation from the planned correction ranged from 0.4 to 2.2 degrees.
This is consistent with Stockmans et al study in 2013, which reported clinical accuracy in four patients treated from 2008 to 2012 using 3D printing technology and PSIs to address intra and extra-articular distal radius fractures. The maximum average deviation after surgery was 1.3 ± 0.4 mm. The study found that accuracy was higher when 3D printing was used for preoperative planning. Keizer et al study in 2017 evaluated the outcomes of 3D-printed PSIs in corrective osteotomy for distal radius malunions, reporting a 96% improvement in volar tilt, radial tilt, and radioulnar variance to within 5 degrees or 2 mm of normal values. Additionally, significant improvements were noted in flexion-extension, pronation-supination, and grip strength (p < 0.05).
At the 4-month follow-up, the patient showed significant improvement in wrist range of motion, reported no pain, and achieved a QuickDASH score of 13.6% and a Mayo wrist score of 80, indicating substantial functional recovery.
